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"There's never too much wisdom."
This series of articles discusses different fantasy languages. Material herein provided within the provisions allowed by US and Finnish law for fair use in teaching purposes. Please abide by the copyrights associated with this material.
From: tuff@midway.uchicago.edu (Geoff Tuffli)
Date: Fri, 27 Nov 92 23:57:07 CST
PRONUNCIATION
a - fATHer b - bet
e - Elephant c - SHeep
i - bIt d - Dog
o - bOtch f - Father
u - lUnch g - Goat
h - THud
aa - YAk j - aZure
ae - JAm k - baCK
ai - sAY l - Laugh
ao - JAil m - Mother
au - lAUrel n - Never
p - Pet
ea - YEs r - Rain
ee - JElly s - Sane
ei - sEA t - Tap
eo - EOn v - Very
eu - EUnuch
ia - YIp
ie - JIm
ii - EYE
io - YIkes
iu - tissUE
oa - YOlk
oe - JOlly
oi - tOE
oo - mOOn
ou - cOUgh
ua - YOung
ue - JUly
ui - YOU
uo - tOUgh
uu - cOW
ya - YEAH (used only in one word, "ya" - thing)
PRONOUNS, POSSESSIVES, ETC.
Ieo - (I, masculine) Iea - (I, feminine)
Nieo - (You, masculine) Niea - (You, feminine)
Aeo - He
Aea - She
Ae - It
Ieon - (We, masculine) Iean - (We, feminine) Ien - (We, mixed gender)
Nieon - (You, masculine) Niean - (You, feminine) Nien - (You, mixed gender)
Aeon - (They, masculine)
Aean - (They, feminine)
Aen - (They, mixed gender or neuter)
k'ieo/k'iea - my, mine k'ieon/k'iean/k'ien - our, ours
kor nieo/kor niea - your, yours
k'aeo - his k'aeon - their, theirs (masculine)
k'aea - her, hers k'aean - their, theirs (feminine)
k'aen - its k'aen - their, theirs (mixed gender or neuter)
Examples:
Ois teigat k'aen. This is their boat.
This boat is theirs.
This boat belongs to them.
Oiten teigat k'ieo. Those are my boats.
or Those boats are mine.
Oiten teigat k'iea. Those boats belong to me.
The phrase "Teigaten k'iea" is NOT equivalent to the phrase
"Iea aya teigaten". Even though both literally mean
"I have some boats", the first phrase implies OWNERSHIP, while
the second implies physical POSSESSION.
"Iea aya teigaten k'iea." is a phrase which indicates both ownership
and physical possession.
INDICATIVES
Ois - this Oit - that
Oisen - these Oiten - those
INTERROGATIVES
Toit - what Examples:
Tekeme - who Taia oisen? = Whose are these?
Tena - where Tekeme oit? = Who is that?
Taia - whose Toit ois? = What is this?
Teile - why
Teolui - when
Temaga - how
CONJUNCTIONS AND MISCELLANEOUS WORDS (CONDITIONALS, ETC.)
elg - and (for joining two words or phrases only)
eln - and (separates words in a spoken series)
elb - and (used before the last word in a spoken series)
eli - and (used for joining two numbers only)
elh - and (separates numbers in a spoken series)
eld - and (used before the last number in a spoken series of numbers)
glaa - if
ouso - or (exculsive)
ouse - or (inclusive)
da - not
d'na - no
d'naya - nothing
ber - false
ana - yes
rei - true
verb root + cai = "place" of verb, e.g. geicai = "place of healing"
pronoun/noun + na = "place" of pronoun/noun = Ieana = "my home"
kor - possessive "of" (becomes k' before vowels)
hi - with
sle - else
keir - large, great, big
aor - small, tiny, insignificant
TIME-RELATED WORDS
loeth - before
laseth - after
vrara - forever
gese - for a short time, brief
PREPOSITIONS
u - but
tine - while
ol - to
e - from
ni - on
na - in
ra - of (non-possessive)
VERBS AND DERIVED WORDS
Verb root + nne = infinitive form of the verb
Verb root + p (ap) = gerund
Verb root + t (at) = noun derivative
Verb root + r (ar) = adjective derivative
Verb root + s (as) = adverb derivative
Verb root + re (are) = past tense (Standard/Informal form)
Verb root + ro (aro) = future tense (Standard/Informal form)
r (ra) + verb root = passive voice
-eo = flag for masculine "I"
-ea = flag for feminine "I"
-eon = flag for masculine "We"
-ean feminine "We"
-en mixed "We"
-no (-ano) masculine "You"
-na (-ana) feminine "You"
-non (-anon) masculine "You" (plural)
-nan (-anan) feminine "You" (plural)
-nen (-anen) mixed "You"
-ao He
-aa She
-ae It
-aon masculine "They"
-aan feminine "They"
-aen mixed "They"
cal Tense marker for "present"
recal Tense marker for "past"
rocal Tense marker for "future"
Note: There are several intermediate tense markers, i.e. before and
after, but the three markers above are the ONLY ones to determine
the tense "flavoring" of the entire phrase or sentence.
Sample conjugation: AIANNE = "to have", "to hold"
verb root: aia
gerund : aiap
noun derivatives: aiat - coin/money (plural: aiaten)
aiart = pet, possession
aiarya = pet, possession (term of endearment)
There are several more derivatives!!!!
adjective: aiar
adverb: aias
I. Standard (Informal) Conjugation:
Verbs conjugated in the standard/informal manner are hard coded for tense
as well as for voice. The passive voice is RARELY used in standard/informal.
Also, pronouns may or not precede a conjugated verb in standard/informal
form. As a general rule, they DO precede in talking or writing to
non-intimates and DO NOT in talking/writing to intimates. Conjugated
verbs without pronoun precedents are hard-coded for person.
Present Tense:
a) With pronoun precedent
Ieo/Ie'aia I have
Ieon/Iean/Ien aia We have
Nieo/Nie'aia You have
Nieon/Niean/Nien aia You (plural) have
Aeo/Ae'aia/Ae aia He/She/It has
Aeon/Aean/Aen aia They have
b) Without pronoun precedent
aiaeo/aiaea I have
aiaeon/aiaean/aiaen We have
aiano/aiana You have
aianon/aianan/aianen You (plural) have
aiaao/aiaaa/aiaae He/she/it has
Aiaaon/aiaaan/aiaaen They have
Past Tense:
a) With pronoun precedent
Ieo/Ie'aiare
Ieon/Iean/Ien aiare
Nieo/Niea aiare
Nieon/Niean/Nien aiare
Aeo/Ae'aiare/Ae aiare
Aeon/Aean/Aen aiare
b) Without pronoun precedent
aiareeo/aiareea
aiareeon/aiareean/aiareen
aiareno/aiarena
aiarenon/aiarenan/aiarenen
aiareao/aiareaa/aiareae
aiareao/aiareaan/aiareaen
Future Tense:
a) With pronoun precedent
Ieo/Ie'aiaro
Ieon/Iean/Ien aiaro
Nieo/Nie'aiaro
Nieon/Niean/Nien aiaro
Aeo/Ae'aiaro/Ae aiaro
Aeon/Aean/Aen aiaro
b) Without pronoun precedent
aiaroeo/aiaroea
aiaroeon/aiaroean/aiaroen
aiarono/aiarona
aiaronon/aiaronan/aiaronen
aiaroao/aiaroaa/aiaroae
aiaroaon/aiaroaan/aiaroaen
II. Non-Standard (Formal) Conjugation
Verbs conjugated in the non-standard/formal manner are hard coded for ONLY
voice. And, voice is ALWAYS passive in this form.
Tense is "soft-coded"; a tense marker is put forth either as part of
a sentence, or as a statement all to itself. The first style is
characteristic of dialogue, while the second is of formal writings and
decrees. The presented tense marker 'flavors' all of the conjugated verbs
which follow it and come before another tense marker (which will ALWAYS
be one which will change the tense....if it isn't, it's HORRIBLE GRAMMAR)
Pronouns ALWAYS precede a conjugated verb in non-standard/informal form.
Therefore, verbs conjugated in this form do not require pronoun flags.
Note: The following conjugation is "general formal"; used by social
equals.
"Very formal" or "Ceremonial" would call for the pronouns being
substituted by titles ("very formal") or by Servant/Master
("ceremonial")
Ieo/Iea raia had by me
Ieon/Iean/Ien raia had by us
Nieo/Niea raia had by you
Nieon/Niean/Nien raia had by you (plural)
Aeo/Aea/Ae raia had by him/her/it
Aeon/Aean/Aen raia had by them
VERBS AND INTERESTING DERIVATIVES
acinne - to accept; to take (after being offered)
acit - small refreshment offered by host (hors d'oeuvre)
aianne - to have; to hold
aginne - to hide; to conceal
alemnne - to shine (reflect light)
alemat - moon
ateinne - to enter
ateit - door, gate
buenne - to multiply (numbers); to reproduce; to give birth
buer - pregnant (female); fertile (cropland, pasture)
danne - to add (numbers); to increase; to grow
deinne - to descend; to fall
chenne - to enclose; to encircle;
chet - circle
ecolnne - to give; to offer
eilenne - to be (sentient beings)
eprinne - to exchange
erdonne - to speak; to talk; to express
erdot - word; erdoten - LANGUAGE
erondenne - (to make/work) magic; to enchant (magically)
erondet - magic, enchantment, illusion
erondeao/erondeaa - magician, enchanter, illusionist
keir erondeao/keir erondeaa - "skillful magician" (wizard)
Eronder Daerao/Eronder Daeraa= "Magician" (title)
Keis Eronder Daerao/Keis Eronder Daeraa = "Wizard" (title)
genne - to heal
geunne - to steal
glinne - to recognize; to identify (glinne + book, etc =to read)
gorunne - to bathe
isnne - to bite; to pierce
isat - tooth (also spear)
isar - sharp; biting; piercing
jacusenne - to flirt; to banter
jolernne - to play; to joke
kaisenne - to lead
kaiset - path, road
kedenne - to scratch
kedeteo/kedetea - cat
kelisenne - to make; to build; to create; to implement; to construct
keliset - tool
kemenne - to learn; to understand
kenne - to cut
ket - knife
maganne - to do; to work; to toil
meranne - to ascend; to climb/scale; to soar
mesenne - to see; to visualize
misanne - to entangle; to snare; to trap
misardat - jungle
nandanne - to rule; to govern
nandat - law; rule
nondanne - to sleep
oionne - to rush; to race
oluinne - to happen; to occur
sarnne - to teach; to instruct
sebenne - to love
sitauaienne - to please; to make happy
teiganne - to float; to elude
ularnne - to fly
Numbering System
Dragons (shapechangers, at least -- regular dragons don't really have
much use for a numbering system) believe that the existence of Ea is
based on numbers. Therefore, their numbering system is based on
directional affixes joined to numerical suffixes.
DIRECTIONS MEANING DIRECTIONAL AFFIXES
cai Here ca-
gana East ga-
meracai Up mera-
digana Southeast diga-
dina South di-
diduna Southwest didu-
duna West du-
aaduna Northwest aadu-
deicai Down dei-
aana North aa-
aagana Northeast aaga-
Each digit has both a consonant and a vowel/vowel-preceded representation;
consonant + vowel/vowel preceded = numerical suffix
DIGIT CONSONANT VOWEL/VOWEL PRECEDED
0 b a
1 c an
2 d e
3 f en
4 g i
5 h in
6 j o
7 k on
8 l u
9 m un
10 n aa
11 p aan
EXAMPLES:
0 ba 11 baan
1 ban 12 caban
2 be 13 cabe
3 ben 14 caben
4 bi 15 cabi
5 bin 16 cabin
6 bo 17 cabo
7 bon 18 cabon
8 bu 19 cabu
9 bun 20 cabun
10 baa 21 cabaa
30 gabu
40 merabon
50 digabo
60 dibin
70 didubi
80 duben
90 aadube
100 deiban
110 deibaan
200 dicon
300 cadaan
400 aaden
500 didufon
1,000 cakaan
1,500 dunun
Numbers after "aagapaan" = 1,666 are expressed by joining numbers in
equations by the use of either "da" (from "danne" - to add) or
"bue" (from "buenne" - to multiply).
Examples: aagapaan da baa = 1,676
digapun bue baa = 16,000
Numbers in series are separated by "elh", and the series is terminated by
"elb".
Example: Aagapaan da baa elh digapun bue baa elh gaban elb digabaan.
"One thousand six hundred and seventy-six, sixteen thousand,
twenty-three and fifty-five."
Ordinal numbers are represented by placing a dash "-" between the number
and the modified word.
Examples: Ban-Egut = "First Blood"
Ben-Alemat = "Second Moon"
For anyone who might want a copy of all the numbers from 0 to 1,666,
worked out and suitable for framing, please give me a yell
via e-mail.
Yours in virtuality,
Shai Strouse
sheawyn@glia.biostr.washington.edu
From: tuff@midway.uchicago.edu (Geoff Tuffli)
Date: Fri, 27 Nov 92 23:57:36 CST
Areilya/Inde sheawyn@glia.biostr.washington.edu [ D R A G O N S ]
Able - soinne (v.)
Accept - acinne
Add - danne
Addition - dat
After - laseth
And - elb (used before the last word in a spoken series)
- eld (used before the last number in a spoken series)
- elg (for joining two words or phrases only)
- elh (separates numbers in a spoken series)
- eli (used for joining two numbers only)
- eln (separates words in a spoken series)
Animal - gaurert [plural: gaurerten]
Ascend - meranne
Barter - eprinne
Bath - gorut
Bathe - gorunne
Be - eilenne (sentient beings)
gaurenne (animals/inanimate objects)
Beach - serisna
Become - loeilenne (sentient beings)
loegaurenne (animals/inanimate objects)
Before - loeth
Big - keir
Bird - vot (plural: voten)
Bite - isnne (v.); iserna (n.) (plural: isernaten)
Black - efinar
Bleed - egunne
Blood - egut
Blue - eir
Bothark - boihark
Breath - niet
Breathe - nienne
Brief - gese (brief = for a short time)
Brown - selar
Bruise - donanne (v.); donat (n.)
Build - kelisenne
Burn - lernne
But - u
Can - soir
Cat - kedetao/kedetaa (plural: kedetaon/kedetaan/kedetaen)
Cause - iue
Child - aoretao/aoretaa
Children - aoretaon/aoretaan/aoreten
Choke - chermisanne r'erdotcai (v. - inflicted upon someone)
r'erdor (just "happens")
Circle - chet
Cleanse - gaenne
Climb - meranne
Coin - aiat (plural: aiaten)
Come - coinne
Conceal - aginne
Create - kelisenne
Cure - genne
Cut - kenne (v.); ketna (n.)
Darken - efinanne
Day - oiorcai
Death - d'eilet or dagauret
Delight - sitauaienne (v.), sitauaiet (n.)
Descend - deinne
Desert - seriscai
Die - d'eilenne or dagaurenne
Dirt - aun (no sing. or plural)
Do - maganne
Door - ateit (plural: ateiten)
Down - deicai
Dragon - eilert [plural: eilerten] (sentient being, literally)
Dream - veltnne (v), velat (n.)
Dry - serisar
Dust - aun (no sing. or plural)
East - gana
Eastern - ganar
Eat - candonne
Else - sle
Elude - teiganne
Embrace - echenne (v.); echet (n.)
Enchant - erondenne (v.)
erondet (n.) (plural: erondeten)
Enchanter- erondeao/erondeaa
Eronder Daerao/Eronder Daeraa (title)
Encircle - chenne
Enclose - chenne
Entangle - misanne
Enter - ateinne
Equal - eileinne (to make equal); eileir (adj.)
Evening - efinarna
Exchange - eprinne
Eye - meset (plural: meseten)
Fade - apenne (v.)
Fall - deinne (v.); deit (n.) (plural: deiten)
False - ber
Fast - coer
Fear - aord'eilet (n.); aord'eilenne (v.)
Fertile - buer
Fire - lert
First - ban-
Flame - lert
Flesh - agireilet (no sing. or plural) - implies scales on dragons
Flirt - jacusenne (v.); jacuerao/jacueraa (n.)
Float - teiganne
Fly - vonne
Food - candot [no singular or plural]
For - vi
Forest - peaaira [singular or plural]
Forever - vrara
>From - e
Game - jolet
Gate - ateit (plural: ateiten)
Gift - ecolt
Give - ecolnne
Glance - garmeset (n.), garmesenne (v.)
Govern - nandanne
Great - keir
Green - ior (emerald green)
Grow - danne
Guide - kaisenne (v.)
kaiserao/kaiseraa (n.)
Kaiser Daerao/Kaiser Daeraa (title)
Happen - oluinne
Hard - tondar
Harden - tondanne
Have - aianne
Heal - genne
Heat - ler
He - aeo
Her - k'aea
Here - cai
Hers - k'aea
Hide - aginne
His - k'aeo
Hold - aianne
Home - (pronoun) + cai e.g. Ieocai/Ieacai ("my home")
Horn - gaurisart (animal)
Horse - scov [plural: scovten]
How - temaga
Hug - echenne (v); echet (n) (plural: echeten)
Human - gaurert (regular dragons)/tander eilert (shapechangers)
I - ieo (masculine)/iea (feminine)
Ice - tondargaet
Identify - glinne
If - glaa
In - na
Increase - danne
Instruct - sarnne
It - ae
Its - k'aen
Joke - jolernne (v.); jolererdot (n.)
Jungle - misardat
Kapati - voreusaut [plural: voreusauten]
Knife - ket (plural: keten)
Language - erdoten
Large - keir
Law - nandat
Lead - kaisenne (v.)
Leader - kaiserao/kaiseraa
Kaiser Daerao/Kaiser Daeraa (title)
Learn - kemenne
Life - eilet (sentient beings)
- gauret (animals)
Lips - sitauaietna (no singular)
Live - eilenne (sentient beings)
gaurenne (animals)
Love - sebenne
Lung - niecai [plural: niecaiten]
Magic - erondenne (to make magic)
erondet (n.) (plural: erondeten)
Magician - erondeao/erondeaa
Eronder Daerao/Eronder Daeraa (title)
Make - kelisenne
Marsh - misargaet [plural: misargaeten]
Melt - loegausgaenne
Mine - k'ieo (masculine)/k'iea (feminine)
Money - aiat (plural: aiaten)
Moon - alemat (plural: alematen)
Morning - oiorna
Mouse - tue (plural: tueten)
Mountain - see [plural: seeten]
Mouth - isatcai (plural: isatcaiten)
Move - ganne
Multiplication - buet
Multiply - buenne
My - k'ieo (masculine)/k'iea (feminine)
Near - ast
Net - chermisanne (v.),chermisat (n.), (plural: chermisaten)
New - ateir
News - oluiten
Night - efinacai
No - d'na
North - aana
Northern - aanar
Northeast- aagana
Northeastern - aaganar
Northwest- aaduna
Northwestern - aadunar
Not - da
Nothing - d'naya
Occur - oluinne
Ocean - kaergaet
Of - kor (possessive) becomes k' before vowels
- ra (non-possessive) becomes r' before vowels
Offer - ecolnne
On - ni
One - ban
Or - ouso (exculsive)
ouse (inclusive)
Pale - apenne (v.); aper (adj.)
Path - kaiset (plural: kaiseten)
Pet - aiart (plural: aiarten) refers to animals only
- aiarya (plural: aiaryaten) term of endearment
Pierce - isnne
Piercing - isar
Play - jolernne (v.)
Player - jolereo/jolerea
Please - sitauaienne (to make happy)
Pleasure - sitauaiet
Priest - kaiserao/kaiseraa ("guide"/lowest level)
Kaiser Daerao/Kaiser Daeraa ("Sir or Lady Guide"/middle)
Keis Kaiser Daerao/Keis Kaiser Daeraa
("Skillful Sir or Lady Guide"/upper)
Ras'eileir Kaiserao/Kaiseraa
("Guide without Equal"/supreme)
Note that a dragon priest would likely equal a human
scholar, professor or really good librarian.
Pregnant - buer
Preothai - kaer surga [plural: kaer surgaten]
Property - aiart (plural: aiarten)
Pure - oior
Purple - donar
Quicksand- misarseris [no plural or singular]
Race - oionne (v.); oiot (n.)
Rapids - oiorgaet (no singular or plural)
Read - glinne + readable noun
Recognize- glinne
Red - egur
Reproduce- buenne
River - gargaet [plural: gargaet]
Road - kaiset (plural: kaiseten)
Roast - selanne (v.)
Rule - nandanne (v.), nandat (n.)
Run - coinne
Rush - oionne (v.)
Sand - seris (no singular or plural)
Sandstorm- seris oiorerua
Scale - meranne (v.)
Scratch - kedenne (v.); kedet (n.)(plural: kedeten)
Seagull - vot ra kaergaet [plural: voten ra kaergaet]
Secret - agir (adj.); agit (n.) [plural: agiten]
See - mesenne
Shape - autnne (v.); autet (n.)
Sharp - isar
She - aea
Shine - alemnne (reflect light)
Shore - serisna
Sing - eesenne
Skillful - keir
Skin - agireilet (no sing. or plural) - implies scales on dragons
Sleep - nondanne(v.); nondat (n.)
Slide - eusaunne
Slink - eusaunne
Slip - eusaunne
Slither - eusaunne
Small - aor
Smile - sitauaietnanne (v.); sitauaietnat (n.)
Snack - acit (small refreshment offered by host)
Snake - eusaut (plural: eusauten)
Snare - misanne (v), misat (n.) (plural: misaten)
Soar - meranne
Soil - aun (no sing. or plural)
Solve - genne
Song - eeset (plural: esseten) - more like song + poetry
Soothe - genne
South - dina
Southern - dinar
Southeast- digana
Southeastern - diganar
Southwest- diduna
Southwestern - didunar
Speak - erdonne
Spear - isart (plural: isarten)
Spider - surga (plural: surgaten)
Spring - iorcai
Stairs - merat
Stairway - meraten
Steal - geunne
Stone - tond
Storm - oiorerua [no singular or plural]
Sunset - efinana
Swamp - misargaet [plural: misargaeten]
Swift - coer
Sword - keirket (plural: keirketen)
Talk - erdonne
Take - acinne
Tan - selanne (v.); apesselar (adj.)
Teach - sarnne
Tease - jacusenne (v.); jacuerao/jacueraa (n.) (sexual connotations)
- jolernne (v.); jolerao/joleraa (n.) (non-sexual connotations)
That - oit
Their - k'aeon (masculine)/k'aean (feminine)/k'aen (mixed or neuter)
These - oisen
Thirst - serisar isatcai (n.); aianne serisar istacai (v.)
Thirsty - serisas isatcair (adj.); aianne serisar isatcai (to be thirsty)
This - ois
They - aeon (Masculine)/aean (Feminine)/aen (mixed or neuter)
Those - oiten
Throat - erdotcai
To - ol
Tool - keliset
Tooth - isat (plural: isaten)
Toy - jolet
Trade - eprinne
Trap - misanne (v), misat (n.) (plural: misaten)
True - rei
Turtle - tandertondat [plural: tandertondaten]
Uma - tandertondat ra kaergaet [also: uma, with a plural of umaten]
Understand kemenne
Unicorn - scov hi gaurisart [also: sund (from xund), plural: sundeten]
Up - meracai
Walk - tandenne
Warm - ler
- lererua [weather]
Wash - gaenne
Water - gaet
We - ieon (masculine)/iean (feminine)/ien (mixed or neuter)
Weave - rignne
West - duna
Western - dunar
Wet - gaer
What - toit
When - teolui
Where - tena
While - tine
White - oior
Who - tekeme
Whose - taia
Why - teile
Wind - erua [no singular or plural]
With - hi
Without - rase
Witness - glinne (v.); glit (n.) [plural: gliten]
Wizard - keir erondeao/keir erondeaa
Keis Eronder Daerao/Keis Eronder Daeraa (title)
Word - erdot
Work - maganne (v.), magat (n.) (plural: magaten)
Wound - ketna
Voice - iine
Yes - ana
You - nieo (masculine singular)/niea (feminine singular)
nieon (masculine plural)/niean (feminine plural)
nien (mixed or neuter plural)
Your - kor nieo (masculine)/kor niea (feminine)